A brief history on silicon chips

Most silicon chips are less than your finger nail, yet hidden ' brains ' are found within almost all electronic devices. These tiny slithers of material are proving to be a great influence on modern life compared to steam engine during the industrial revolution.

Silicon chips are used for a wide range of applications. They guide satellites in orbit near the Earth. Control signals and monitor train movements around rail networks. Registering and controlling the flow of money between banks, shops and housing cooperatives. You can even wake us up in the morning with a fresh pot of coffee. This revolution in electronic wizardry begins in 1948 at Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA. Here scientists research produced the first semiconductor transistor-a pea component created by adding impurities (implanted) in different sections of a crystal of pure silicon.

The new transistor performed the same function as old-fashioned tube valves-amplified or reinforced electrical signals fed them-but they took a lot less space and use much less energy. Semiconductor transistors soon began to replace the tube valves in all types of electronic equipment, radio set to computers. At first, the transistor is used as individual elements on printed circuit boards (PCBs). However, in 1958, Texas Instruments has developed a technique of manufacture separate elements on a single crystal of Silicon. Transistors, resistors, and many other elements were made with the addition of impurities in several sections of the Crystal. These new circuits were called integrated circuits (IC), and also the silicon wafers on which they were formed became known as a silicon chip.

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